Cortex
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 441-450 , April 2011

Cerebellar brain volume accounts for variance in cognitive performance in older adults

  • Michael J. Hogan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, NUI, Galway, Ireland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychology, NUI, Galway, Ireland.
  • ,
  • Roger T. Staff

      Affiliations

    • Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
  • ,
  • Brendan P. Bunting

      Affiliations

    • School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Londonderry, Ireland
  • ,
  • Alison D. Murray

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
  • ,
  • Trevor S. Ahearn

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
  • ,
  • Ian J. Deary

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
  • ,
  • Lawrence J. Whalley

      Affiliations

    • University of Aberdeen, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK

Received 29 January 2009 ,Revised 7 July 2009 ,Accepted 17 November 2009.

References 

  1. Albert ML, Feldman RG, Willis AL. The “Subcortical dementia” of progressive supranuclear palsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 1974;37:121–130
  2. Allman JM, McLaughlin T, Hakeem A. Brain structures and life-span in primate species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U S A. 1993;90:3559–3563
  3. Anderson ND, Craik FIM, Naven-Beniamin M. The attentional demands of encoding and retrieval in younger and older adults: I. Evidence from divided attention costs. Psychology and Aging. 1998;13:405–423
  4. Arenberg D. A note of differences and changes in memory with age. In:  Riley MW,  Matarazzo JD editor. The Aging Dimension. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.; 1987;p. 39–47
  5. Balsters JH, Ramnani N. Symbolic representations of action in the human cerebellum. NeuroImage. 2008;43:388–398
  6. Bentler PM. Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin. 1990;238–246
  7. Bollen KA. Structural Equations With Latent Variables. New York: Wiley; 1989;
  8. Cabeza R, Nyberg L. Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 pet and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2000;12:1–47
  9. Cerella J. Aging and information-processing rate. In:  Birren JE,  Schaie KW editor. Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. 3rd ed.. San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc.; 1990;p. 201–221
  10. Chudasama Y, Robbins TW. Functions of frontostriatal systems in cognition: comparative neuropsychopharmacological studies in rats, monkeys and humans. Biological Psychology. 2006;73:19–38
  11. Colom R, Jung RE, Haier RJ. Distributed brain sites for the g-factor of intelligence. NeuroImage. 2006;31:1359–1365
  12. Carroll JB. Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press; 1993;
  13. Desmond JE, Fiez JA. Neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum: Language, learning and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 1998;2:355–362
  14. Filley CM, Heaton RK, Nelson LM, Burks JS, Franklin GM. A comparison of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology. 1989;46:157–161
  15. Frangou S, Chitins X, Williams SCR. Mapping iq and gray matter density in healthy young people. NeuroImage. 2004;23:800–805
  16. Gao JH, Parsons LM, Bower JM, Xiong J, Li J, Fox PT. Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control. Science. 1996;272:545–547
  17. Gong QY, Sluming V, Mayes A, Keller S, Barrick T, Cezayirli E, et al. Voxel-based morphometry and stereology provide convergent evidence of the importance of medial prefrontal cortex for fluid intelligence in healthy adults. NeuroImage. 2005;25:1175–1186
  18. Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RNA, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RSJ. A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage. 2001;14:21–36
  19. Grady CL, McIntosh AR, Rajah MN, Beig S, Craik FI. The effects of age on the neural correlates of episodic encoding. Cerebral Cortex. 1999;9:805–814
  20. Grafman J, Weingartner HJ, Newhouse PA, Thompson K, Lalonde F, Litvan I, et al. Implicit learning in patients with alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1990;32:94–101
  21. Grasby PM, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Simpson J, Fletcher PC, Frackowiak RSJ, et al. A graded task approach to the functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory & verbal memory. Brain. 1994;117:1271–1282
  22. Gunning-Dixon FM, Raz N. The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: A quantitative review. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:224–232
  23. Haier RJ, Jung RE, Yeo RA, Head K, Alkire MT. Structural brain variation and general intelligence. NeuroImage. 2004;23:425–433
  24. Haug H. Aging of the brain. In:  Ludwig FC editors. Life Span Extension: Consequences and Open Questions. New York: Springer Publishing Co Inc.; 1991;p. 55–67
  25. Hayter AL, Langdon DW, Ramnani N. Cerebellar contributions to working memory. NeuroImage. 2007;36:943–954
  26. Hedden T, Gabrieli JD. Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004;5:87–96
  27. Hogan MJ. The cerebellum in thought and action: A fronto-cerebellar aging hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology. 2004;22:97–125
  28. Hogan MJ, Carolan L, Roche RAP, Dockree PM, Kaiser J, Bunting BP, et al. Electrophysiological and information processing variability predicts memory decrements associated with normal age-related cognitive decline and alzheimer's disease (ad). Brain Research. 2006;1119:215–226
  29. Hoyle RH, Panter AT. Writing about structural equation models. In:  Hoyle RH editors. Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues and Applications. London: Sage; 1995;p. 158–198
  30. Ito M. How does the cerebellum facilitate thought?. In:  Squire TOLR editors. Brain Mechanisms of Perception and Memory: From Neuron to Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993;p. 651–658
  31. Ito M. Opinion – control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2008;9:304–313
  32. Jenkins IH, Brooks DJ, Nixon PD, Frackowiak RSJ, Passingham RE. Motor sequence learning: A study with positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience. 1994;14:3775–3790
  33. Johnson KA, Killiany R, Jones KJ, Becker JA, Hilson J, Sandor T, et al. MRI volumetric sampling of spect perfusion in prodromal alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2000;54:A78–A78
  34. Jöreskog K, Sörbom D. Lisrel v: Analysis of Linear Sructural Relationships by the Method of Maximum Likelihood. Chicago National Educational Resources; 1981;
  35. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. Structural Equation Modeling With the Simplis Command Language. Chicago: Scientific Software Inc.; 1993;
  36. Junque C, Pujol J, Vendrell P, Bruna O, Jodar M, Ribas JC, et al. Leuko-araiosis on magnetic resonance imaging and speed of mental processing. Archives of Neurology. 1990;47:151–156
  37. Karas GB, Scheltens P, Rombouts SARB, Visser PJ, van Schijndel RA, Fox NC, et al. Global and local gray matter loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. NeuroImage. 2004;23:708–716
  38. Karas GB, Sluimer J, Goekoop R, van der Flier W, Rombouts SARB, Vrenken H, et al. Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Structural MR imaging findings predictive of conversion to Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2008;29:944–949
  39. Kim SG, Ugurbil K, Strick PL. Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing. Science. 1994;265:949–951
  40. Klingberg T, Roland PE, Kawashima R. The neural correlates of the central executive function during working memory – a pet study. Human Brain Mapping. 1995;1:414
  41. Leaper SA, Murray AD, Lemmon HA, Staff RS, Deary IJ, Crawford JR, et al. Neuropsychologic correlates of brain white matter lesions depicted on MR images: 1921 Aberdeen birth cohort. Radiology. 2001;221:51–55
  42. Larsell O, Janssen J. The comparative anatomy and histology of the cerebellum, III: The human cerebellum, cerebellar connections and cerebellar cortex. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1972;
  43. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. Reappraising the cerebellum: What does the hindbrain contribute to the forebrain?. Behavioral Neuroscience. 1989;103:998–1008
  44. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. The human cerebro-cerebellar system: Its computing, cognitive, and language skills. Behavioural Brain Research. 1991;44:113–128
  45. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed.. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  46. MacLullich AMJ, Edmond CL, Ferguson KJ, Wardlaw JM, Starr JM, Seckl JR, et al. Size of the neocerebellar vermis is associated with cognition in healthy elderly men. Brain and Cognition. 2004;56:344–348
  47. Medina D, DeToledo-Morrell L, Urresta F, Gabrieli JDE, Moseley M, Fleischman D, et al. White matter changes in mild cognitive impairment and ad: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Neurobiology of Aging. 2006;27:663–672
  48. Mohr HM, Goebel R, Linden DEJ. Content- and task-specific dissociations of frontal activity during maintenance and manipulation in visual working memory. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;26:4465–4471
  49. Murray AD, Staff RT, Shenkin SD, Deary IJ, Starr OM, Whalley LJ. Brain white matter hyperintensities: Relative importance of vascular risk factors in nondemented elderly people. Radiology. 2005;237:251–257
  50. Parsons LM, Fox PT, Downs JH, Glass T, Hirsch TB, Martin CC, et al. Use of implicit motor imagery for visual shape discrimination as revealed by pet. Nature. 1995;375:54–58
  51. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M. Positron emission tomographic studies of the processing of single words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1989;1:153–170
  52. Ramnani N. The primate cortico-cerebellar system: Anatomy and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2006;7:511–522
  53. Rao SM, Mittenberg W, Bernardin L, Haughton V, Loe GJ. Neuropsychological test findings in subjects with leukoaraiosis. Archives of Neurology. 1989;46:40–44
  54. Rauch SL, Baer L, Cosgrove GR, Jenike MA. Neurosurgical treatment of tourette's syndrome: A critical review. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1995;36:141–156
  55. Raven JC, Court JH, Raven J. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. London, United Kingdom: Lewis; 1977;
  56. Raz N, Gunning-Dixon F, Head D, Williamson A, Acker JD. Age and sex differences in the cerebellum and the ventral pons: a prospective MR study of healthy adults. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2001;22:1161–1167
  57. Ryding E, Decety J, Sjoeholm H, Stenberg G. Motor imagery activates the cerebellum regionally: A SPECT rCBF study with super (99m) tc-hmpao. Cognitive Brain Research. 1993;1:94–99
  58. Salthouse TA. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review. 1996;103:403–428
  59. Schmahmann JD. From movement to thought: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing. Human Brain Mapping. 1996;4:174–198
  60. Schmahmann JD. Dysmetria of thought: Clinical consequences of cerebellar dysfunction on cognition and affect. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 1998;2:362–371
  61. Schmahmann JD. Disorders of the cerebellum: Ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004;16:367–378
  62. Staff RT, Murray AD, Deary IJ, Whalley LJ. Generality and specificity in cognitive aging: A volumetric brain analysis. NeuroImage. 2006;30:1433–1440
  63. Steiger JH. Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioural Research. 1990;25:173–180
  64. Stuss DT, Alexander MP. Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 2007;362:901–915
  65. Stuss DT, Benson DF. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin. 1984;65:3–28
  66. Timmann D, Daum I. Cerebellar contributions to cognitive functions: A progress report after two decades of research. Cerebellum. 2007;6:159–162
  67. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Bellevue Psychiatric Hosp., New York NY: Psychological Corp; 1955;
  68. West RL. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin. 1996;120:272–292
  69. Xu J, Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S, Iijima K, Okada K, Yamashita K. Gender effects on age-related changes in brain structure. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2000;21:112–118

PII: S0010-9452(10)00025-0

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.01.001

Cortex
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 441-450 , April 2011