Cortex
Volume 47, Issue 2 , Pages 217-235 , February 2011

Phonological–lexical activation: A lexical component or an output buffer? Evidence from aphasic errors

  • Cristina Romani

      Affiliations

    • Aston University, Birmingham, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, England, UK.
  • ,
  • Claudia Galluzzi

      Affiliations

    • University of Birmingham, UK
  • ,
  • Andrew Olson

      Affiliations

    • Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy

Received 1 July 2008 ,Revised 19 January 2009 ,Accepted 29 October 2009.

References 

  1. Agresti A. Categorical Data Analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons; 2002;
  2. Aliminosa D, McCloskey M, Goodman-Schulman RA, Sokol SM. Remediation of acquired dysgraphia as a technique for testing interpretations of deficits. Aphasiology. 1993;7:55–69
  3. Archibald LMD, Gathercole SE. Nonword repetition and serial recall: Equivalent measures of verbal short-term memory?. Applied Psycholinguistics. 2007;28:587–606
  4. Barcellona Corpus di Italiano Scritto Contemporaneo. Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale del CNR di Pisa. Unpublished Manuscript, 1988.
  5. Berg T. A structural account of phonological paraphasias. Brain and Language. 2005;94:104–129
  6. Bisiacchi PS, Cipolotti L, Denes G. Impairment in processing meaningless verbal material in several modalities – The relationship between short-term-memory and phonological skills. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology. 1989;41:293–319
  7. Bortolini V, Tavaglini C, Zampolli A. Lessico di Frequenza della Lingua Italiana Contemporanea. Milano: Garzanti; 1972;
  8. Botvinick M, Plaut DC. Short-term memory for serial order: A recurrent neural network model. Psychological Review. 2006;113:201–233
  9. Brown GDA, Preece T, Hulme C. Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review. 2000;107:127–181
  10. Bub D, Black S, Howell J, Kertesz A. Speech output processes and reading. In:  Coltheart M,  Sartori G,  Job R editor. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Language. Hove, U.K.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1987;
  11. Buchwald A, Rapp B. Consonant and vowels in orthographic representations. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2006;23:308–337
  12. Burgess N, Hitch GJ. Towards a network model of the articulatory loop. Journal of Memory and Language. 1992;31:429–460
  13. Caramazza A, Miceli G. The structure of graphemic representations. Cognition. 1990;37:243–297
  14. Caramazza A, Miceli G, Villa G. The role of the (output) phonological buffer in reading, writing, and repetition. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 1986;3:37–76
  15. Caramazza A, Miceli G, Villa G, Romani C. The role of the graphemic buffer in spelling – Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognition. 1987;26:59–85
  16. Campoy G. The effect of word length in short-term memory: Is rehearsal necessary?. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2008;61:724–734
  17. Cipollotti L, Bird C, Glasspool D, Shallice TS. The impact of deep dysgraphia on graphemic output buffer disorders. Neurocase. 2004;10:405–419
  18. De Partz MP. Deficit of the graphemic buffer: Effects of a written lexical segmentation strategy. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 1995;5:129–147
  19. Dell GS, Schwartz MF, Martin N, Saffran EM, Gagnon DA. Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review. 1997;104:801–838
  20. Dell GS, Burger LK, Svec WR. Language production and serial order: A functional analysis and a model. Psychological Review. 1997;104:123–147
  21. Ellis AW. Errors in speech and short-term-memory – The effects of phonemic similarity and syllable position. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1980;19:624–634
  22. Foygel D, Dell GS. Models of impaired lexical access in speech production. Journal of Memory and Language. 2000;43:182–216
  23. Fromkin VA. Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. The Hague: Mouton; 1973;
  24. Galluzzi C and Romani C. Analyses of substitution errors in aphasic patients. Contrasting patterns in patients with and without articulatory difficulties, in preparation.
  25. Garcia-Orza J, León-Carrión J. Lexical effects in verbal STM: Evidence from a phonological output buffer patient. Brain and Language. 2005;95:44–45
  26. Garrett MF. In:  Butterworth B editors. Language Production. Speech and Talk. vol. 1:New York: Academic Press; 1980;p. 177–220
  27. Glasspool DW, Houghton G. Serial order and consonant-vowel structure in a graphemic output buffer model. Brain and Language. 2005;94:304–330
  28. Glasspool DW, Shallice T, Cipolotti L. Towards a unified process model for graphemic buffer disorder and deep dysgraphia. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2006;23:479–512
  29. Gupta P. Primacy and recency in nonword repetition. Memory. 2005;13:318–324
  30. Gupta P, Lipinski J, Abbs B, Lin PH. Serial position effects in nonword repetition. Journal of Memory and Language. 2005;53:141–162
  31. Gupta P, MacWhinney B. Vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory: Computational and neural bases. Brain and Language. 1997;59:267–333
  32. Gusfield D. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997;
  33. Hanley JR, Kay J. An effect of imageability on the production of phonological errors in auditory repetition. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 1997;14:1065–1084
  34. Hanley JR, Kay J, Edwards M. Imageability effects, phonological errors, and the relationship between auditory repetition and picture naming: Implications for models of auditory repetition. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2002;19:193–206
  35. Hartley T, Houghton G. A linguistically constrained model of short-term memory for nonwords. Journal of Memory and Language. 1996;35:1–31
  36. Henson RNA. Short-term memory for serial order: The start-end model. Cognitive Psychology. 1998;36:73–137
  37. Houghton G. The problem of serial order: A neural network model of sequence learning and recall. In:  Dale R,  Mellish C,  Zock M editor. Current Research in Natural Language Generation. London: Academic Press; 1990;
  38. Howard D, Franklin S. Dissociations between component mechanisms in short-term memory: Evidence from brain-damaged patients. In:  Meyer DE,  Kornblum S editor. Attention and Performance XIV: Synergies in Experimental Psychology, Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1993;
  39. Howard D, Nickels L. Separating input and output phonology: Semantic, phonological, and orthographic effects in short-term memory impairment. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2005;22:42–77
  40. Hulme C, Roodenrys S, Brown G, Mercer R. The role of long-term-memory mechanisms in memory span. British Journal of Psychology. 1995;86:527–536
  41. Hulme C, Roodenrys S, Schweickert R, Brown GDA, Martin S, Stuart G. Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. 1997;23:1217–1232
  42. Jacquemot C, Scott S. What is the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2006;10:480–486
  43. Jefferies E, Frankish C, Rambon Ralph MA. Lexical and semantic binding in verbal short-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language. 2006;54:81–98
  44. Jonsdottir MK, Shallice T, Wise R. Phonological mediation and the graphemic buffer disorder in spelling: Cross-language differences?. Cognition. 1996;59:169–197
  45. Katz RB. Limited retention of information in the graphemic buffer. Cortex. 1991;27:111–119
  46. Knott R, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Lexical and semantic binding effects in short-term memory: Evidence from semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 1997;14:1165–1216
  47. Levelt WJM, Roelofs A, Meyer AS. A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioural and Brain Sciences. 1999;22:1–38
  48. Machtynger J, Shallice T. Normalising serial position analyses: The proportional accountability algorithm. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2009;26:217–222
  49. Martin N, Gupta P. Processing and verbal short-term memory: Evidence from associations and dissociations. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2004;21:213–228
  50. Martin RC, Breedin SD. Dissociations between speech perception and phonological short-term-memory deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 1992;9:509–534
  51. Martin RC, Lesch MF, Bartha MC. Independence of input and output phonology in word processing and short-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language. 1999;41:3–29
  52. Martin N, Saffran EM. Language and auditory-verbal short-term memory impairments: Evidence for common underlying processes. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 1997;14:641–682
  53. Meyer AS. The time course of phonological encoding in language production – The encoding of successive syllables of a word. Journal of Memory and Language. 1990;29:524–545
  54. Meyer AS, Roelofs A, Levelt WJM. Word length effects in object naming: The role of a response criterion. Journal of Memory and Language. 2003;48:131–147
  55. Meyer AS, Schriefers H. Phonological facilitation in picture word interference experiments – Effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and types of interfering stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. 1991;17:1146–1160
  56. Miller D, Ellis A. Speech and writing errors in “neologistic jargonaphasia”: A lexical activation hypothesis. In:  Coltheart M,  Sartori G,  Job R editor. The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Language. London: Erlbaum Associates Ltd.; 1987;
  57. Nickels L, Howard D. Dissociating effects of number of phonemes, number of syllables, and syllabic complexity on word production in aphasia: It's the number of phonemes that counts. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2004;21:57–78
  58. Nickels L, Howard D. Aphasic naming – What matters. Neuropsychologia. 1995;33:1281–1303
  59. Nickels LA, Howard D, Best WM. Fractionating the articulatory loop: Dissociations and associations in phonological recoding in aphasia. Brain and Language. 1997;56:161–182
  60. Oakhill J, Kyle F. The relation between phonological awareness and working memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2000;75:152–164
  61. Olson AC. Syllables, letter frequency and sound: Orthographic structure in deaf reading and spelling. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1995.
  62. Olson AC, Romani C, Halloran L. Localizing the deficit in a case of jargonaphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2007;24:211–238
  63. Page MPA, Madge A, Cumming N, Norris DG. Speech errors and the phonological similarity effect in short-term memory: Evidence suggesting a common locus. Journal of Memory and Language. 2007;56:49–64
  64. Page MPA, Norris D. The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review. 1998;105:761–781
  65. Posteraro L, Zinelli P, Mazzucchi A. Selective impairment of the graphemic buffer in acquired dysgraphia – A case-study. Brain and Language. 1988;35:274–286
  66. Roelofs A. Spoken language planning and the initiation of articulation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology. 2002;55:465–483
  67. Roelofs A. Syllable structure effects turn out to be word length effects: Comment on Santiago et al. (2000). Language and Cognitive Processes. 2002;17:1–13
  68. Roelofs A. The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production. Cognition. 1997;64:249–284
  69. Romani C. Are there distinct input and output buffers – Evidence from an aphasic patient with an impaired output buffer. Language and Cognitive Processes. 1992;7:131–162
  70. Romani C, Galluzzi C. The effects of syllabic complexity on correct repetition in a group of aphasic patients. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2005;22:817–850
  71. Romani C, Galluzzi C, Bureca I, and Olson A. Effects of syllable structure in aphasic errors: Implications for a new model of speech production, submitted for publication.
  72. Romani C, Olson A, Semenza C, Granà A. Phonological errors in two aphasic patients: A phonological vs. an articulatory locus of impairment. Cortex. 2002;38:541–567
  73. Romani C, Mc Alpine S, Olson A, Tsouknida E, Martin RC. Length, lexicality and articulatory suppression in immediate serial recall: Evidence against the articulatory loop. Journal of Memory and Language. 2005;52:398–415
  74. Romani C, Mc Alpine S, Olson A, Martin RC. Concreteness effects in different tasks: Evidence for semantic STM. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2008;61:293–324
  75. Sage K, Ellis AW. Lexical influences in graphemic buffer disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2004;21:381–400
  76. Santiago J, Mackay DG, Palma A, Rho C. Sequential activation processes in producing words and syllables: Evidence from picture naming. Language and Cognitive Processes. 2000;15:1–44
  77. Santiago J, Mackay DG, Palma A. Length effects turn out to be syllable structure effects: Response to Roelofs (2002). Language and Cognitive Processes. 2002;17:15–29
  78. Schwartz MF, Wilshire CE, Gagnon DA, Polansky M. Origins of nonword phonological errors in aphasic picture naming. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2004;21:159–186
  79. Service E. The effect of word length on immediate serial recall depends on phonological complexity, not articulatory duration. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1998;51A:283–304
  80. Schiller NO, Greenhall JA, Shelton JR, Caramazza A. Serial order effects in spelling errors: Evidence from two dysgraphic patients. Neurocase. 2001;7:1–14
  81. Schriefers H, Teruel E. Phonological facilitation in the production of two-word utterances. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 1999;11:17–50
  82. Shallice T, Rumiati RI, Zadini A. The selective impairment of the phonological output buffer. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2000;17:517–546
  83. Shattuck-Hufnagel S. Speech errors as evidence for a serial-order mechanism in sentence production. In:  Cooper WE,  Walker ECT editor. Sentence Processing: Psycholinguistic Studies Presented to Merrill Garrett. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1979;
  84. Trojano L, Chiacchio L. Pure dysgraphia with relative sparing of lower-case writing. Cortex. 1994;30:499–507
  85. Ward J, Romani C. Serial position effects and lexical activation in spelling: Evidence from a single case study. Neurocase. 1998;4:189–206
  86. Ward J, Romani C. Consonant-vowel encoding and ortho-syllables in a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2000;17:641–663
  87. Wing AM, Baddeley AD. Spelling Errors in Handwriting: A Corpus and a Distributional Analysis. Academic Press; 1980;
  88. Ziegler W. A nonlinear model of word length effects in apraxia of speech. Cognitive Neuropsychology. 2005;22:603–623

PII: S0010-9452(09)00322-0

doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.11.004

Cortex
Volume 47, Issue 2 , Pages 217-235 , February 2011